Incredible India - Part 2: Delhi - The Capital City

Exploring Delhi (Old and New)

Tuesday and Wednesday, February 6 - 7

Does International travel scramble your internal clock for a few days?  It certainly does mine! Our journey from San Francisco to New Delhi (including the eight-hour layover in Dubai) took 27 hours, but India is thirteen-and-a-half hours ahead of California, so we left on Sunday afternoon, and arrived on Tuesday morning.  (Of course, one could say that India is 11-and-a-half hours behind California on the clock, and one day ahead on the calendar, but that gets really confusing.)  That extra half hour time difference is because India straddles two time zones, so the government split the difference and put the entire country in between.

The bottom line is that Rob and I would be awake or asleep approximately 12 hours opposite to home on this journey, so we were very grateful to have planned our trip to include a free day before beginning any scheduled activities.  We arranged with our travel agent to be picked up at the airport and taken to our hotel, the beautiful New Delhi Oberoi.  This was the first of the four Oberoi hotels we would call home during this trip, and each one of them was stunning!  I can recommend this hotel chain if you come to India!

My memories of that first day are pretty hazy, but I DO remember that we each booked a 90-minutes massage in the hotel spa, and it was heavenly.

The pool next to the spa at the Oberoi New Delhi

Our tour started in earnest, bright and early on Wednesday morning.  Our guide Raj and driver Ram picked us up at 9:00 and we set out for a very full day of sightseeing in this huge sprawling city of 35 million people.

Our first stops were in Old Delhi.  Jama Masjid, also known as the Friday Mosque, is a huge mosque of red sandstone and marble built by Shah Jahan in the 1600s, the Mughal era. (Shah Jahan is also the ruler who built the Taj Mahal.)  The mosque is still in use and remains one of the largest and best-known mosques in India. 

Outside of the entrance, we removed our shoes - as we would do whenever entering a Muslim temple - and I was provided with a long strip of cloth to wrap around my waist like a skirt. Then we entered the large courtyard through one of the four entry gates.  The main gate stands opposite the mosque and opens to the Red Fort across the road.  The Shah used to enter from his palace through this gate and stand on the balcony over the courtyard, which could hold 25,000 worshippers.  In one corner of the gallery is an ornate white marble structure that serves as a reliquary, as it holds inside a hair of the beard of Mohammed.

Jama Masjid 

Jama Masjid seen through the main entry gate

The large courtyard and one of the entry gates

This entry gate leads to the Red Fort. 
The shah would arrive here and observe the services from the balcony above.

Rob with our guide, Raj

The Reliquary holding a hair from the beard of Mohammed stood
in a corner of the courtyard.

Arabic calligraphy of verses of the Qu'ran is frequently used as a decorative element.
I loved the scalloped arches of the mosque.

Jama Masjid sits on a high platform above Chandni Chowk, "The Moonlight Square," a maze of ancient streets, also built by Shah Jahan, and now filled with shops filled with goods of every type. 

Raj and Rob descend the steps to Chandni Chowk

We followed Raj through the streets, dodging cars, motorbikes, tuk-tuks, and bicycle rickshaws - and the mass of people - to observe the little food stands, tiny shops, the tangle of electrical wires overhead. Above one food stand, there were monkeys swinging on those wires and climbing all over the buildings enjoying handouts of bananas from the vendor below.

The streets of Chandni Chowk

The monkeys of Chandni Chowk. 
(The macaque at the top is catching a tomato thrown by a vegetable vendor.)

After the walk, we enjoyed a bicycle rickshaw ride to the old city gate at the end of the main street. As we rode, I noticed that many of the buildings along the street must have once been very beautiful, with ornate facades and balconies, but that they are now in various states of disrepair.  In earlier times, this must have been an elegant boulevard.  This thought became a recurring observation throughout our trip. 

Rob and Joan with our bicycle rickshaw driver

Hints of the former beauty of these old buildings

Although there certainly were tourists there, Chandni Chowk is not aimed at tourists.  It is a genuine Indian marketplace, filled with local people (mostly men) buying, selling, sleeping in the little squares in the middle of the road, sitting on the curb getting a shave, or chatting with their friends. 

An old city gate leading into the Spice Market

The busy market streets of Chandni Chowk

Our rickshaw ride ended at the largest spice market in Asia.  We visited one of the shops and made our first purchase of this trip.  Masala Chai, curry powder, and turmeric – some of the staples of Indian cuisine.

I love Spice Markets!

Flowers are very important in Indian culture. 
We saw them sold in every city. They are used as offerings in Hindu temples

Our bicycle rickshaw returned us back to Jama Masjid. Along the way, we saw the exteriors of the golden-domed Gauri Shakar Sikh Temple and the bright red Sri Digambara Jain Lal Mandir Temple.  The Jain temple includes a bird hospital, demonstrating the Jain philosophy to preserve all life.  I had attributed this belief to Hindus, but it is the Jains who go so far as to wash the road in front of them so they will not injure any small creatures.

Sri Digambara Jain Lal Mandir, the Jain temple
The Gauri Shakar Sikh Temple stands behind it.

Gauri Shakar Sikh Temple

At the end of the road stands the Red Fort, a huge complex, also started by Shah Jahan, once surrounded by a moat with crocodiles and still used by the Indian military.  The Lahore Gate is the location of an annual speech by the Prime Minister of India.

The Red Fort viewed from Jama Masjid

The Lahore Gate of the Red Fort

Our next stop was Raj Ghat, the site where Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was cremated following his assassination in 1948. The setting is serene, with a park filled with large grassy lawns and trees, and so many flowers that the breeze filled the air with a lovely scent. Plaques along the walk held quotes from Gandhi. There were dozens of both tourists and Indian families coming to pay their respects to the man who is remembered as the Father of the Nation.  We stood on the walkway above the cremation site, which has wreaths of fresh flowers laid upon it every day while our guide shared the fascinating story of Gandhi and the freedom fighter who assassinated him.  Although they both wanted independence for their country, Nathuram Vinayakrao Godse was a Hindu Nationalist who believed that Gandhi gave too many concessions to the British when settling the Indian Partition.  A tragic ending to a noble life.

Raj Ghat

Wisdom from Gandhi and his face on Indian banknotes.

Ram then drove us to Agrasen ki Baoli, an ancient step well. No one knows when it was originally built, but archaeologists believe that it was rebuilt in the 14^th century. Raj explained that no one ever used to visit this hidden treasure until Bollywood filmed a movie here. Now it is a popular little oasis in the city. Toward the bottom of the 103 steps, the temperature is cooled up to 10 degrees by the water in the well, which rises and falls with the rainy and dry seasons.  The many pigeons on the old stone walls seemed to enjoy the protected spot.

Agrasen Ki Baoli -an ancient step well, with a ruined building next to it
and lots of pigeons roosting on the old rock walls.

Following the step well, we stopped at a shop that makes and sells Kashmir pashminas and rugs.  The proprietor and an artisan demonstrated the method of hand-knotting and weaving the intricate designs, and much to my surprise, we did actually buy a gorgeous hand-knotted rug.  I had always regretted not buying a hand-woven rug we had loved in Turkey, so this was my chance to remedy that decision.

Our host shares the tools and techniques of making the hand-knotted rugs of Kashmir.
Our new rug fits perfectly in the entryway of our home.

We left “Old Delhi” and headed into the crazy traffic of modern New Delhi, the capital city of India. The traffic was worse than Cairo! No one pays any attention to the lane markings. Drivers of cars, motorcycles, tuk tuks, and donkey or ox carts just push their way into the crowd...a particularly interesting strategy in the many roundabouts built by the British when they ruled India. During our days in the cities, I learned to close my eyes, enjoy the chorus of the endless honks and beeps and toots, and trust in our professional drivers.  (Our guide called it organized chaos, but trust me...It was disorganized chaos!)

We passed by the huge grounds of the Presidential Palace and other government buildings within the complex then stopped at Lazeez Affaire Restaurant for lunch.  The restaurant offered a set menu of about ten different Indian dishes. I guessed from the foreigners around us that the restaurant caters to tourists, so although the dishes were all spicy, they were not too hot for my western palate. (I came to learn that the Indian version of “mild” is my version of “blazing hot.”)

The Presidential Palace and government buildings of New Delhi
stand in a well-guarded compound.

Rob heads into Lazeez Affaire Restaurant

A relatively clear intersection at one of the Delhi roundabouts.
The street signs in Delhi are printed in Hindi, English, Punjabi, and Urdu.

After the delicious lunch, there were still two more stops.  Lakshmi Narayan Hindu Temple, also known as Birla Temple for the family that built it, is dedicated to Vishnu the Protector and his consort, Lakshmi. The outside of the temple was lovely with ochre and red walls, but sadly, no cameras were allowed inside, so I bought a little book with pictures of the Hindu gods we saw inside the temple.

Lakshmi Narayan Hindu Temple exterior

I have always loved Greek and Roman mythology and their pantheon of gods.  This trip gave me a much better understanding of Hindu mythology as well.  However, unlike the Greeks and Romans, the Hindu religion is alive and thriving.  Raj bowed reverently before the statue of his patron god, the monkey-faced Hanuman.  He explained that each god is associated with a particular day.  Hanuman, who is usually worshipped on Tuesdays, is know for love, compassion, devotion, strength, and intelligence.  No wonder he is one of the most popular gods.

For those of you who are as ignorant of Hindu religion as I was, here is a little primer on some of the most popular of the many gods of Hinduism, using photos of the statues inside the temple taken from my purchase.

These are the three gods of the Trimurti, the trinity of supreme divinity in Hinduism.
       Brahma, the Creator                Vishnu, the Protector            Shiva, the Destroyer                       

Each of the three primary gods has a consort. 
Here are Vishnu and Lakshmi, to whom this temple is dedicated.
Brahma's consort is Saraswati, and Vishnu's is Parvati

Here are Hanuman, the monkey-faced god, and
Ganesha, the elephant-headed son of Shiva and Parvati.
I have a soft spot for Ganesha, a god who removes obstacles.
And I was surprised to learn that his father, Shiva the Destroyer,
doesn't rain down destruction.  
Instead, Hindus can pray to him to destroy the bad qualities within themselves.

Speaking of destruction, this temple was quite new because the Mughal Empire had destroyed many of the Hindu temples around India.  We saw more evidence of this at our final stop for the day, the wonderful Muslim complex at Qutub Minar. This UNESCO World Heritage site in south Delhi was filled with ruined buildings from before the 12th century. The ruins are still covered with gorgeous carvings and Arabic calligraphy, but Raj pointed out that the stone carvers were Hindus, and they had incorporated Hindu designs into the carvings.

Some of the gorgeous ruins in the Qutub Minar complex.

Notice the floral designs woven into the Islamic script by Hindu scuptors.
This created a new Indo-Islamic style of architecture.

The Tomb of Shams al-Din Iltutmish, the second sultan of Delhi in the 1200s.

Ruins of the madrasa, an Islamic school, in the Qutub Minar complex.

The Iron Pillar is a notable part of the Qutub Minar complex.  It is considered one of the world's foremost metallurgical curiosities. 
It was first erected in around 402 A.D. in front of a Vishnu temple in Udayagiri. 
It was moved to this location in the 10th century.
The ancient pillar of iron weighs 6,511 kg (14,354 pounds!)

The highlight of the complex is the 73-meter tall Qutub Minar, a brick minaret built in the 12th century. It is gorgeous, with six sections of red brick, each with a unique design.

Each segment of the Qutub Minar was unique

Joan and Rob - and the obligatory tourist photo!

The tower was beautiful, but my favorite sight was the ruin of the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque beyond the tower. Dating from 1193, it was the first mosque built in Delhi after the Muslim conquest and was built on the grounds of a destroyed Hindu temple.  The intricately carved pillars of the original temple were used by the Muslims to hold up the mosque. The faces of the Hindu gods had been defaced, as Muslim art does not include animals, humans, or gods, but the columns were still gorgeous.

Ruins of the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque

Carvings on the ancient Hindu pillars used to support the roof of the mosque.

There was one final sight at the Qutub Minar complex - the Alai Minar of Alauddin Khalji.  This ruler expanded the Quwwat ul-Islam mosque and wanted to tower two times higher than the Qutub Minar.  But after his death in 1316, the project was abandoned, and the only thing left is this immense cone of stone.  It was pretty jaw-dropping, in spite of its lack of completion.  But my favorite sight were the Indian ring-necked parakeets roosting high up on its rocks!

Alai Minar

Pigeons and an Indian ring-necked parakeet on the ruins of Alai Minar.

What a spectacular start to our trip!  We returned to the Oberoi with a head full of new sights and information, but completely worn out, so we cancelled dinner reservations, packed for our journey to Varanasi the next day, and went straight to bed.

Turkey Tour - Part 8: Easter with an Imam

Sunday, April 5, 2015

Easter with an Imam along the Silk Road to Konya

Today was as unique an Easter morning as we could ever imagine.  We spent the morning in a fourth century Christian church, now a mosque, visiting with a Muslim imam and learning about his faith and his role in the community.

Our tour group woke to a glorious Easter morning and boarded the bus to our next stop in the ancient Cappadocian town of Guzelyert.  By mid-morning, we arrived in the Monastery Valley below the town.  Within this 3.4 mile (5.5 km.) valley, there are 28 churches and ancient monasteries, two underground cities, and hundreds of cave homes, chapels, and stables carved into the cliffs.  This ancient valley provided a refuge for 2nd and 3rd century Christians, who used its secluded location and rock-carved dwellings to escape persecution by the Romans, who controlled this territory from  17 A.D. until Emperor Constantine adopted Christianity.

A map of Monastery Valley

The village of Guzelyurt sits perched on the cliffs above the valley.

The spring blossoms were in full bloom.

This scene of a little stable built into the rocks made me think of the stable in Bethlehem.

Our destination was the Guzelyurt Church Mosque, known until 1924 as the St. Gregorius Church. It was founded in 385 A.D. by Emperor Theodosius to honor Saint Gregorius of Nazianzus, who helped spread Christianity throughout Anatolia in the 4th century.  Considered one of the most beautiful representations of early Christian buildings in Cappadocia, its simple stone blocks blend with the grey rocks of the cliffs on which it stands.

Guzelyurt Church Mosque - formerly St. Gregorius Church

In 1924, when the Greek population left this area in the Greece-Turkey population exchange, the church was converted into a mosque.  Paint now covers the original frescoes and Christian decorations,and a minaret now stands in place of the old bell tower.  Traces of the old Christian heritage can still be seen inside, however, with an old wooden pulpit still overlooking the sanctuary and the cross shape of the nave.

The single minaret of the Guzelyurt Church Mosque

The old Christian pulpit still remains in the mosque...

...But its walls are now decorated with verses from the Qur'an.

The village imam, Emir, greeted us outside the gates to the courtyard.  He was delightful...a young and handsome man with a gentle and pleasant manner.  Our tour guide, Mert, had told us that Emir resembles George Clooney, and he wasn't far wrong!

Mert introduces us to Emir.

Our group gathers in the mosque courtyard.

We women covered our heads and  both men and women removed our shoes and entered the simple room to sit on the colorful prayer rugs covering the floor. Our group asked Emir many questions concerning Islam, about his role in the community, about the education of the children of the village, women’s rights, and more. Mert translated our questions and Emir’s answers. He confirmed what Mert had already taught us…that Turkey is a secular nation and tolerant of all religions. Emir said the moderate Muslims of Turkey (and around the world) are angry about the acts of the radical extremists, as they do not represent the beliefs of billions of Muslims and are giving Islam a bad name. He feels much of the problem arises from ignorance and illiteracy because the uneducated are vulnerable and dependent on the leadership of tribal leaders who do not correctly interpret the lessons of the Koran.

Our group had many questions for Emir.

Mert translates for Emir, who shared his beliefs and the life of a village imam.

The ladies listen to the fascinating discussion.

Mert and Emir

A highlight of the morning was listening to Emir sing the call to prayer, which we heard broadcast from loudspeakers five times a day.  It was much more pleasant to hear it sung in person than by the usual loud and distorted recorded versions emanating from the minarets in the cities we had visited.  I did not record his call to prayer, but I did remember to switch to video mode when  he also sang some verses from the Qur'an for us.   Click this link to hear Verses from the Qur'an

After the discussion, we gathered in the courtyard to say our thank yous and get some photos.  This visit was one of the highlights of our trip!

Joan and Rob with Emir

Our great fellow tour members with Emir in the courtyard of the Guzelyurt Church Mosque.

The middle of the day included a long bus drive to the city of Konya.  It was a pleasant trip, with beautiful views of Mount Hasan, the tallest of the string of ancient volcanoes that created the other-worldly landscape of Cappadocia.  The snow-capped peaks of the 13,000 foot (4,000 meter) high mountain glistened in the sunlight.

Mount Hasan

Joan and Rob on a stretch break during the long drive to Konya.

Mert's bus lecture this afternoon was a fun discussion of family life in Turkey, including marriage customs. He used his own recent marriage to illustrate one of the more amusing customs of their culture.  When a young man becomes engaged to a girl, he must undergo a "test" of his fitness to be a husband.  During a meeting of the engaged couple's families, everyone is served coffee.  The young groom-to-be must drink coffee laced with salt, rather than sugar, to show that he can handle difficult situations. When Mert and his parents met with his fiancee’s family, he was relieved when she served him delicious sweet coffee. He figured she was being good to him and secretly slipping him unsalted coffee, but it turned out that she had accidentally mixed up the cups and served the salted coffee to his father! Happily, it didn’t ruin the engagement. He and his wife recently had a darling little boy.

Mert kept us informed - and amused - with his bus lectures.

We stopped for lunch at another of Turkey's modern truck stops for a delicious buffet lunch, then took our next stop at the huge and well-preserved Sultanhani Caravansersai, one of the rest stops along the silk road.  Sultanhani Caravanserai was built in 1229 A.D. by the Seljuk Turks, and it remains the largest and best preserved of this string of caravanserai.  Like the missions of California, these were built at a distance apart of one day of travel, although these were spaced for one day of travel with a heavily laden camel...about 30 to 40 kilometers (18 to 25 miles) apart.

Sultanhani Caravanserai - Marco Polo slept here!

The caravanserai was built like a fortress, with high thick walls surrounding an inner compound.  We gathered at the huge doors leading into the courtyard and examined the elaborate stone ornamentation that covers the walls while Mert gave us some history of the building.  

Entering Sultanhani Caravanserai

The huge entrance doors into the couryard

The entrance was lavishly decorated with stone carvings

And, of course, the caravanserai came with a resident cat or two!

Then we entered the large open courtyard with its mosque tower in the center.  A narrow, and slightly scary, stone staircase offered access to the tower roof.  There were no guardrails or warning signs on the stairs.  It definitely would have not passed inspection in the United States, but we crawled to the top for views of the surroundings.

Joan and Rob in front of the mosque tower

Rob climbs the steep steps to the top of the tower.

Lee and Jean made it to the top.  (It was trickier than it looks!)

Stairs to the lookout posts on the outer walls

Around the perimeter of the courtyard stood the roofed compound where weary travelers would rest with their livestock and goods as they traveled the Silk Road.  We learned that Marco Polo stayed in this very spot on his travels to the far east.  (This was my second encounter with Marco Polo, as we had also visited his house on the island of Korcula in Croatia.)  It is always exciting to walk in the footsteps of historical figures!

Walls of the inner compound

The interior chambers where weary travelers would rest during their journey

The interior rooms were huge

We arrived in Konya, the seventh largest city of Turkey, in the late afternoon.  The buildings along the highway were clean and modern, but we headed to the most important site in the city, the mausoleum of Mawlānā Jalāl ad-Dīn Muḥammad Balkhī, better known as Rumi, the Sufi mystic and poet from the 13th century. 

A modern stadium on the outskirts of Konya

Another modern building as we approach Konya

Rumi Mausoleum

Once again, we women donned our headscarves and entered the outer courtyard of the mosque where we had a very sweet experience with two groups of students.  Mert read some of Rumi's teachings and told us a bit about the history of Rumi and his philosophy, along with a description of the building, which used to be the courts of Konya. As we listened, a group of young schoolboys around 10 to 12 years old approached us to practice their English. The boys were shy at first, giggling and ducking their heads, but soon opened up as we showed a friendly interest.  As we were still talking to them, we were approached on the other side by four lovely young women who also wanted to have the chance to practice their English. They were delightful…all pre-med students about to take their exams to qualify for dental school. Konya is the most conservative city in Turkey, so most of the women we saw had their heads covered, including these four girls. Mert told us that back in the late '80s and early '90s, Turkey was very strict about its secular stand and women with their heads covered would not have been allowed to study at the university. The government is much more tolerant now.

Joan outside of Rumi's Mausolium

This sign was very interesting.  I'm not exactly sure what it is asking us to do!

Our group enjoys a conversation with some adorable school boys

Konya school boys

These young pre-med students wanted to practice their English with us.

Rob and I were impressed with Rumi's philosophy.  His poetry and writings emphasize tolerance for all who believe in God. His teachings are followed by the famous Whirling Dervishes, who can be found throughout the world.  Every movement of the dervish's dance has profound meaning. The dervish whirls into a meditative trance, the right hand extended up to God with the left hand facing the earth. He keeps one foot centered and rotates in a counter-clockwise direction with his head tilted at a 22 degree angle, to mimic the rotation and tilt of the earth.  As he spins, he gathers the love from God in his right hand and rains it down with his left hand onto all the world.

Whirling Dervish statue stands across the street from Rumi's Mausoleum

Instead of removing our shoes, as we had done at the Blue Mosque, we covered our shoes with little booties and entered Rumi's mausoleum.  Elaborate designs, vivid colors, and calligraphy decorated the walls and ceiling. We observed the faithful praying behind a barred wall, men and women in separate rooms. A Qur'an from 1544 A.D. was on display; its pages were decorated with calligraphy by Rumi's own daughter.  Stylized turbans topped the tomb of Rumi and some of his disciples, and we learned that the turban had a practical purpose. Muslims are supposed to be buried quickly in a burial shroud, and the turban was their burial shroud, carried with them just in case they died unexpectedly while traveling.

The entrance to the mausoleum

Jim and Jane cover their shoes to enter Rumi's Mausoleum

The tombs of some of Rumi's disciples

13th century Seljuk reading desk on display in the mausoleum

Decorative plaque in the entry hall

Rumi's tomb

Pages from the Qur'an (from 1544 A.D.) with calligraphy by Rumi's daughter

It was lovely to discover that one of my favorite hymns in my own Unitarian-Universalist Fellowship is actually a poem by Rumi.  The verse below is the poem as written by Rumi, and the link below that is a YouTube video of the song as sung in a round by a UU congregation.

“Come, come, whoever you are. 

Wanderer, worshiper, lover of leaving. 

It doesn't matter. 

Ours is not a caravan of despair. 

Come, even if you have broken your vows a thousand times. 

Come, yet again , come , come.”

Come, Come, Whoever You Are

Our group is capturing the love from heaven and sharing it with you!